Bureau of Reclamation, U.S.

Western Water Projects

Irrigation in many areas of the American West is necessary because precipitation is low and alone is insufficient to grow crops. In addition, the highly variable flow of many rivers makes them unreliable as a source of water for irrigation without some regulation. Thus, the U.S. government, through the creation of the Bureau of Reclamation, was tasked with constructing dams to create reservoirs throughout the West. These reservoirs were designed

Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state is the largest U.S. Bureau of Reclamation dam and reservoir in the Columbia River Basin. It was completed in 1942.

From 1902 to 1907, the Bureau of Reclamation began about thirty projects in the West to provide water for irrigation. Over time, however, it became clear that Reclamation dams and reservoirs could meet other needs as well, and multipurpose projects were developed to provide for flood control, municipal water supply, and hydroelectric power generation in addition to irrigation. The construction of the Hoover Dam, completed in 1936, was Reclamation's first major multipurpose project. The Central Valley Project in California and the Columbia Basin Project in Washington soon followed. The heyday of Reclamation's construction program began during the Great Depression (1929–1939) and continued through the 1970s.

As of 2002, the Bureau of Reclamation operated about 180 water projects, totaling some 600 dams and reservoirs. It is the largest water wholesaler in the country, bringing water to more than 31 million people and irrigating 10 million acres of land. Nearly 140,000 farmers in the West receive water from projects operated by the bureau. These farmers produce 60 percent of the nation's vegetables and 25 percent of its fruits and nuts. Reclamation also operates 58 hydroelectric power plants, generating more than 40 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity annually, enough to serve 6 million homes. In addition, every year more than 90 million people visit 300 recreation sites created by Reclamation projects.

Changing Water Needs

The needs of the West have changed greatly since the early 1900s. Many of the rivers have been overallocated and are straining to meet all the needs that have been identified. While irrigation remains the principal user of water in the West, rapidly growing cities, Native Americans, recreation interests, and environmental protection needs are all demanding their share. This reflects the new western water landscape, and few new federally funded dams are likely to ever be built, owing to the high financial costs and environmental and other concerns.

Without the ability to develop new water supplies to meet all the identified needs, Reclamation must attempt to secure water through other means, in particular through better water management. Reclamation's current program focuses on encouraging water conservation and water reuse, and developing effective partnerships with all water users. Reclamation's mission statement, "to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner," gives no indication of the complexity and contentiousness that exists in trying to achieve a delicate balance between all the competing needs for a limited supply of water.

SEE ALSO Agriculture and Water ; Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. ; Conservation, Water ; Dams ; Hoover Dam ; Irrigation Management ; Planning and Management, History of Water Resources ; Supply Development ; Tennessee Valley Authority .

Richard H. Ives

Bibliography

Robinson, Michael C. Water for the West, the Bureau of Reclamation 1902–1977.

Chicago, IL: Public Works Historical Society, 1979.

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Written in Water. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1998.

Internet Resources

"A Brief History of the Bureau of Reclamation." U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. <http://www.usbr.gov/history/borhist.htm> .